Additionally, it has been estimated that human activities have already led to the extinction of at least 680 species of vertebrates since 1500 ( IPBES 2019). In 2019, 59,284 species were estimated to have become extinct before and during the Holocene ( Roskov et al. The Catalogue of Life, which contains contributions from 172 taxonomic databases, estimates 2,260,074 species accepted or provisionally accepted in 2020 ( Roskov et al. Model-based projections have been performed, indicating that 24–31% marine and 21–29% terrestrial species remain to be discovered ( Costello et al. The most prudent estimates range from 5 to 50 million species, considering that published species are close to 1.9 million ( Chapman 2009). Nevertheless, most of the world´s biodiversity (as much as 80%) is still entirely unknown thus preventing proper estimates of the total number of species on Earth even to the nearest order of magnitude ( Wilson 2003, 2017). There are many estimates of the total number of species in the world, which oscillate by tens of millions ( Costello et al.
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